Economic Revolution of the Middle Ages Custom Essay

III. Sources

1. Your Sources, or bibliography, are one of the most important keys to a good paper. When grading papers, most professors turn first to the bibliography to see what sources were employed; then they read the paper itself. A weak bibliography virtually guarantees a weak score.

2. Primary and Secondary Sources. Historians make a clear distinction between primary and secondary sources. What we call �primary� sources are those original or contemporaneous to the subject or event being investigated. These may include historical narratives written at or near the time of the event; eyewitness accounts; letters and reports; legal documents or government documents; some images and maps; artifacts. Again, these sources are closely related to the time period or context being investigated. What modern historians refer to as �secondary� sources are those written in order to analyze or comment about periods or events in the past, often relying on primary sources from the period under review. This includes scholarly monographs and journal articles; encyclopedic entries; textbooks and other modern accounts.

UNACCEPTABLE SOURCES

i. Internet Sources-(i.e. Wikipedia, MSN Encarta, etc.), internet sites with unverifiable authorship (which are of most them), online blogs or forums
ii. Non-academic works-should not make use of the following types of literature: children�s books, popular histories (i.e. �Idiot�s Guides�, works written by non-historians, etc.), grade school, high school, or introductory college textbooks, popular magazines (TIME, Newsweek, etc.), or non-academic or popular encyclopedias (TIME-LIFE Books, MSN Encarta, Encyclopedia Britannica).
Plagiarism-Copying material from one or more sources verbatim,whether or not the source is cited (footnoted).
Incorporation of material without giving your source-You must cite your source any time you incorporate ideas or information that is not common knowledge. In general, you should put the material in your own words; if you need to quote (repeat exact words for effect), use quote marks or inset the text in block quotes according to Turabian style. In either case, you must provide citation.
V. Bibliography and Citation Form

1. You must use citations to indicate the source of information gained in your research. Citations are not only for quoted material, but also for any significant bit of information garnered from an outside source. Indeed, quotations should only be used where the specific wording of the source adds significantly to your presentation.

2. Turabian form: �Turabian� form used by most humanities disciplines is the official style for history; thus, citations should conform accordingly. Turabian style is determined by the latest edition of Kate Turabian�s A Manual for Writers. Although some editions of Turabian�s guide allow parenthetical notes, footnote form is required for history classes. The following are ways to avoid common problems:

i. Use the correct form. For example, a print journal article discovered via an online search should be listed as a journal article, if at all possible, and not as an online source. Thus, do not list ProQuest results as an online source with the ProQuest URL. Use the pagination of the print version, if that is available to you.

ii. Articles in a major reference volume (encyclopedias such as Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church) should be cited by the author and title of the article, NOT BY THE EDITOR of the reference volume! In other words, they should be treated as a �reference work article� (example below).

iii. Be sure to include publication information for books and reference works (see examples).

iv. Put page numbers in citations and in bibliographical listings for articles.
v. For scripture references do not use footnotes, but place the reference in parentheses in the body of the text using standard abbreviations for the work; i.e.: (Isa 6:1). If this follows a quote from scripture, indicate the translation used by standard abbreviation; i.e.: (Isa 7:14; NIV).

3. Common Problems. A common cause of confusion is the fact that different formats are used for bibliography and citation entries. A general rule to remember is: bibliographical entries are formal, with authors� last names first, and parts separated by periods; footnotes are less formal, like a continuous sentence, with authors� names in natural speech order and with parts of the reference separated by commas and with publication data in parentheses.

Take care to use the correct form for the source. For example, a print journal article discovered via an online search with pagination preserved should be listed as a journal article, not as an online source. As noted above, for major reference articles it is often better to treat them as in �Reference Work Articles� below rather than using the �Encyclopedia Article� form (with �S.v.�) specified by Turabian. (This is really a specific use of the �Article/Chapter in an Edited Volume� form).

4. Examples of bibliography and citation styles. The following few examples are based on Turabian Handbook. For your listings and references, include all the information you can. The formats are guides, however, and some information may not be relevant or may not be present for your source. For example, do not put the edition information for first edition books. If no author is listed for your source (as in some reference articles), alphabetize by the title of the work (the title of the article or chapter always takes precedence over the title of the volume itself). When in doubt, be logical and consistent. Feel free to ask for assistance.

For each example, except for the last, there appears: 1) a bibliography template; 2) a bibliography sample; 3) a footnote template; and 4) a footnote example.

i. Books and Monographs.

1) bibliography template:

Author�s Last Name, First Name. Book Title. xth Edition. Translated/Edited by Soandso. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

2) bibliography example:

Ferguson, Everett. Backgrounds of Early Christianity. 2nd Edition. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.

3) footnote template:

1Author�s First and Last Name, Book Title, xth ed., trans./ed. by Soandso (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), pages.

4) footnote example:

1 Everett Ferguson, Backgrounds of Early Christianity, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993), 44-56.

ii. Signed Reference Work Articles.
1) bibliography template:

Author�s Last Name, First Name. �Title of the Article.� In Reference Work Title. xth Edition. Edited by Editor, page-numbers. City of Publication: Publisher, Date.

2) bibliography example:

Crockett, Bennie R., Jr. �Logos/Word.� In Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by Watson E. Mills, 520. Macon: Mercer, 1990.

3) footnote template:

1Author�s First and Last Name, �Title of the Article,� in Reference Work Title, xth Edition, ed. by Editor (City of Publication: Publisher, Date), page-numbers.

4) footnote example:

1Bennie R. Crockett, Jr., �Logos/Word,� in Mercer Dictionary of the Bible, ed. by Watson E. Mills (Macon: Mercer, 1990), 520.

iii. Journal Articles.

1) bibliography template:

Author�s Last Name, First Name. �Title of the Article.� Journal Title Volume/Issue# (Date): page-numbers.

2) bibliography example:

Crockett, Bennie R. �The Flowers of Palestine.� Biblical Illustrator 15 (Summer 1989): 54-56.

3) footnote template:

1Author�s First and Last Name, �Title of the Article,� Journal Title Volume/Issue# (Date): page-numbers.

4) footnote example:

1 Bennie R. Crockett, �The Flowers of Palestine,� Biblical Illustrator 15 (Summer 1989): 54-56.

iv. Article/Chapter in Edited Volume:

1) bibliography template:

Author�s Last Name, First Name. �Title of the Article.� In Title of Book, Edited by Editor�s Name, page-numbers. Place: Publisher, Date.

2) bibliography example:

Tarn, W. W. and Charlesworth, M. P. �The Triumph of Octavian.� In The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. X, The Augustan Empire, ed. S. A. Cook, et al, 112-26. Cambridge: University Press, 1966.

3) footnote template:

1Author�s First and Last Name, �Title of the Article,� in Title of Book, ed. Editor�s Name (Place: Publisher, Date), page-numbers.

4) footnote example:

1W. W. Tarn and M. P. Charlesworth, �The Triumph of Octavian,� in The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. X, The Augustan Empire, ed. S. A. Cook, et al (Cambridge: University Press, 1966), 112-15.

v. Online Sources.

1) bibliography template:

Author�s Last Name, First Name (if given). �Title of Web Page or Other Item.� No pages (if there is no pagination) Date of document (or Cited date accessed). Online: URL.

2) bibliography example:

�Bible Translations.� No pages. 13 October 2005. Online: https://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/bibles /translation.htm.

3) footnote template:

1Author�s First and Last Name, �Title of Web Page or Other Item,� n.p. (if no pagination) [date of document or date accessed]. Online: URL.

4) footnote example:

1 �Bible Translations,� n.p. [October 13, 2005]. Online: https://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/bibles /translation.htm.

VI. Cover Page

The Cover Page and Evaluation Rubric on the next pages must be used for research papers in History classes. These sheets will be used in the evaluation process, but also serves as a guide to the student during paper preparation. The cover sheet may be printed as is and the relevant data filled in, or the template in Microsoft Word format may be incorporated into the student�s paper. By adding his/her name to the cover page, the student affirms that they have read this document and understand what is expected of their work on the attached paper.